America Essay Topics Tips

America Essay Topics Tips Facts, Fiction and America Essay Topics For instance, a paper focusing on effects might have a paragraph about how exercise helps diabetics by boosting muscle mass. Slavery wasn't just started due to the demand for financial development. Report research papers are usually utilised in the workplace and company environments. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a massive quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. The analytical research paper generally starts with a question that's explored and examined via the use of primary and secondary resources. If you're already partially knowledgeable about that culture, choose a feature of the culture you would love to find out more about to make certain that you're engaged in your research. If you don't wish to center on the content of British literature, it is possible to instead consider the form and fashion. An encyclopedia might be a great place to start your search. American teenagers essay is an extensive subject that can be focused on several different elements that impact the teens, their issues and respective areas in which teenagers have gained recognition. You get to observe people from all different elements of the planet, together, living in 1 country. Many children that are put into slavery wind up working in clothing manufacturing plants also referred to as sweatshops. The issue of women's place in the society was studied for ma ny centuries, and it's still relevant at the start of the 21st century. A Secret Weapon for America Essay Topics In the modern society, many improved racial equality measures are taken as a way to be certain that the folks of america are treated as if in one social group. The liberty to choose a leader of your choice is one that people take for granted when they're supposed to be glad they can. An essay about the root of the American Civil War could start with slavery and move on to other ideas, including states' rights. The community is a lot more involved with the police with community partnerships with police as well as the police seek information from the community to cover the requirements of the general public. The maximum proportion of slavery that is observed in the current age is child labor. Many also question the potency of stem cell research and whether or not it has any potential to locate cures for diseases like cancer, AIDS or Parkinson's. Whenever there's a frequent supply of pessimism towards a specific race, then and there it will ultimately affect the general opinions of the populace. There'll always be prejudice and hate, but they aren't tolerated in the U.S. To dwell in the USA is an excellent privilege. Dependent on the topic one ought to compile data to create a considerable base and argument in the essay. Narrowing down the list can be hard. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. You need to place up your argument in three or more sentences. Your title should state the use of the essay clearly. The topic sentence is normally the very first sentence of a paragraph. Pick 1 thing about the U.S. Constitution including its amendments that you believe ought to be changed. For your essay to be persuasive, it should be presented dependent on solid research. Persuasive essays are typical assignments in a variety of classes, including history courses. 1 essay topic may be a journal entry from the view of a classmate. Deciding on the correct essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. While an encyclopedia doesn't go in-depth in the particulars of a culture, it gives an overall picture of topics you may want to investigate. The introduction needs to be developed through your thesis. An excellent introduction sets the scene, establishes the tone and provides a clear idea about what the essay is all about. Search for the international history essay topics in the news or on the internet. Religion is more of a popular topic and one which I would rather not go into deeply. Starting your cultural differences essay may be challenging undertaking. Think of the subject of the history essay you've already written before. If you wish to compose a great history essay you'd better select a topic that's familiar to you.

Use of Color in The Great Gatsby Essay - 572 Words

Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism and colors in The Great Gatsby is prominent in every chapter of his novel.nbsp; To fully understand the meaning of his color use, a reader must recognize the situations in which these colors are used.nbsp; Throughout the novel Fitzgerald uses the color green.nbsp; Green has many possible interpretations, and its’ use to reveal insight into Gatsby’s character is probably the most meaningful. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; One possible meaning of the color green is envy.nbsp; Gatsby can be seen as an envious, jealous character.nbsp; He once had the love of his life, Daisy, but now she is married to another man.nbsp; He spends all of his time and effort into getting back with Daisy.nbsp; He is also envious of many†¦show more content†¦Money rules the lives of the people in the story.nbsp; Gatsby needs money to live the life that he does.nbsp; Gatsby also feels he needs the money to get back together with Daisy.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Gatsby has a large green lawn and green ivy going up his house.nbsp; Inside Gatsby’s car, the passengers sit in a sort of green leather conservatory. Later, Mr. Michaelis describes this death car as light green. All of these things represent the riches, as well as the importance of money in Gatsby’s life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The color green can both symbolize envy and money.nbsp; However, the most reasonable meaning would have to be one of future hope, especially in Gatsby’s case.nbsp; In the first chapter, Nick Carraway sees Gatsby and his arms stretched out towards Daisy’s dock.nbsp; This is a very powerful scene of the novel.nbsp; The reader sees Gatsby staring off into the darkness, concentrating on one small, green, blinking light.nbsp; This is a wonderful and appropriate symbol of Gatsby’s life.nbsp; Gatsby is living alone in a world of darkness, trying to seize one small thing to bring him happiness.nbsp; His life has had many shortcomings and many troubles through his younger years.nbsp; He finally receives some breaks and is able make a name for himself.nbsp; The longing in his heart is to have Daisy, but more importantly to have a new hope in his life.nbsp; He has always kept the idea in his heart that he could be reunited with Daisy.Show MoreRelatedFitzgera ld’s Use of Color in the Great Gatsby2583 Words   |  11 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s classic novel, The Great Gatsby, exposes the corruption and greed of the Roaring Twenties. Fitzgerald is able to captivate readers attentions through his employment of color symbolism. Fitzgerald portrays important messages in the novel by his symbolic use of colors. Colors play an important role in Fitzgerald’s descriptions of the lives of Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway and many of the other characters in the novel. Fitzgerald uses the colors white, yellow, and green to expressRead MoreThe Use of Creative Color Throughoutout F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby600 Words   |  3 PagesFitzgerald creatively utilizes colors throughout his novel, The Great Gatsby, not only to provide the reader with a rich visual image of the scene taking place, but also to convey certain symbols within the story. To begin with, one must understand what each color symbolizes. Green symbolizes hope , blue symbolizes illusion, red means violence or love, yellow illustrates wealth or death, white is innocence, and gray or black symbolizes corruption. The reader can see that color symbolism is used to characterizeRead MoreThe Colors of Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgeralds Famous Novel1640 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel, The Great Gatsby. With his well-chosen words, Fitzgerald painted a fantastic portrait of life during the Roaring Twenties in the minds of his readers, a picture rich with color and excitement. Four colors: green, gold, white, and gray played key roles in the symbolic demonstration of ideas and feelings which, woven together seamlessly, made The Great Gatsby a world-renowned work of literary genius. Some of the most well-known and intriguing symbolic imagery in The Great Gatsby comes fromRead MoreEssay on Symbolism on the Great Gatsby1179 Words   |  5 PagesIn novels, the use of symbols makes the story interesting and essential to the readers. Symbols are messages that the author uses to communicate with the reader for a deeper understanding, although sometimes it can only be discovered if analyzed. Fitzgerald connects the different symbols throughout the novel to pinpoint an elaborate meaning towards the story yet it does indicate a pleasant meaning. A symbol such as â€Å"color† or â€Å"money† can be less complex than it seems. Whereas a symbol as complicatedRead MoreSymbolism In The Great Gatsby1082 Words   |  5 Pages The novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† written by F. Scott Fitzgerald was based upon a love/drama romance. Throughout the novel Fitzgerald uses symbols to represent something in a much deeper meaning. One of the main characters, Jay Gat sby can be described by many different symbols. These symboles tell a much bigger story than what they are actually read as. There can be a range of different symbols that Fitzgerald uses ranging from different colors to different locations. Both of them have a huge impactRead MoreColor Imagery in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby658 Words   |  3 PagesWhen an artist paints a picture, they use vibrant greens and reds and contrast with dull blues and purples. In literature, the same technique can be used. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work, The Great Gatsby, he gives greater meaning to his characters and their experiences by using color imagery. The Great Gatsby, set in 1920s New York, shows the differences between the life of the prosperous and the impoverished. Fitzgerald uses the colors gold, yellow, green, and white to expand the meaning and purposeRead MoreGreat Gatsby Color Imagery Symbolism Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesColor imagery in The Great Gatsby is vital to the books storyline. If there was no color imagery then the reader could not associate a certain person or thing with a color or idea. Fitzgerald uses the color so people can remember the person more than just their name. The use of color imagery greatly impacts the story line. One of the main colors in The Great Gatsby is white. White represents the innocence and purity in the book. Daisy and Jordan are first introduced wearing white. It makes you thinkRead More Use of Symbols and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary merit. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbols to portray events, feelings, personalities and time periods. Throughout the narrative, Fitzgerald uses strong contrasting symbols such as West Egg and East Egg. His superior use of other predominant symbols such as color and light are also evident throughout the novel. The story begins as the narrator, Nick Carraway, describes his arrival to West Egg. One can immediately spot new-money Gatsby and no-money Nick on one sideRead MoreEssay On Color Symbolism In The Great Gatsby1048 Words   |  5 Pages Euphrates Sackey 9-21-17 English 1011 Z83 Professor Brosh Response to Driving to Destruction with the Rich and Careless at the Wheel Color-Symbolism in The Great Gatsby There is no understanding The Great Gatsby if you do not have at least a basic grasp of the main motifs that are present. Automobiles and colors are two main driving factors in F. Scott Fitzgeralds work and these two ideas work together as well. Many readers are so wowed by the vivid imagery included in this classic thatRead MoreSymbolism in The Great Gatsby and The Raven Essay883 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known and better understood than others. Authors use symbols to tell how they are feeling (Overview). The symbols in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe are very different; however, they are still very important throughout both pieces of literature. Throughout The Great Gatsby the narrator, Nick, describes the colors that the characters wear and colors that are shown throughout the novel. The colors serve as major symbols in the book. â€Å"Daisy’s white

Haigh a Well Know Brand in the Country of Australia Free Sample

Questions: 1.Provide a brief company and Industry Sector Overview.2.Research and Critically analyse the current STP approach. 3.Develop and Justify a STP approach for the Indonesian Market. Answers: 1.About the Company Founded in Adelaide in 1915, Haighs Chocolates by Alfred E. Haigh, is one the oldest establishment in Australia in the Chocolate industry. The company was then popular for their fruit centered chocolates which are prepared even today (Haighschocolates.com.au, n.d.). It is the oldest family-owned chocolate maker in Australia and is currently run by the fourth generation of the Haigh family. The company currently has an employee strength of 500 and has 15 retail stores in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. Cocoa beans at Haigh are sourced from all over the globe and they are known for their Bean to Bars (Haighschocolates.com.au, n.d.). With over 250 variety of chocolates, the company even today has a handmade segment. Quality and premium standards are the core factors that drive Haigh and they strongly believe in delivering world class chocolate experience every time. Chocolate and confectionary industry in Australia is one of the leading segments in the food industry with over 7 billion revenue a year. The major shareholders are international brands such as Mars and Nestle while the local suppliers do share a decent percentage of the share. The industry has seen a steady decrease in past five years, due to the increasing concerns of obesity given the fat percentage in the chocolates. This has led to several vendors diversifying into healthier low fat products. However, the dip is not significant yet, given that chocolates have been festive treats for a long time now (Evans, 2015). The number of new competitors in the industry are significantly low, given the giants in the market and also the high capital investment required. The companies that has been in the market for some time are currently trying to either diverge into healthier products or are in search of international expansion. 2.Current STP at Haigh Australia is known for their chocolate consumption and on an average every Australian consume about 6.7 Kilos of chocolate making 77% of confectionary sales. There are several chocolate brands in Australia that focus on a different target market depending on the cost and variety of chocolates provided. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning are very important concepts which every organization needs to focus on during the implementation of marketing strategies while launching any product or services. These 3 process along with the marketing mix namely Product, Place, Price and Promotion constitutes the major pre-launching analysis. The below is an analysis of the segmentation, target and positioning of the Haigh Chocolates. Segmentation Segmentation is the process by which customers are divided into subsets based on needs and wants (Pyo, 2015) Geographical Segmentation: Haigh currently serves only in three major cities of Australia and hence is currently restricted to the same Demographic Segmentation: The purchases of Haigh are not restricted to a gender given that they sell premium chocolates (Kerry, 1998). The customers may be of either genders but the product is consumed mostly by women. They dont target children due to the cost of the product. The age of the consumers is usually above 22. Behavioral Segmentation: Haigh Chocolates have bite size options and are in restricted quantity per box. Most customers assume that the number of calories per bite are comparatively low when considering a huge bar. Also, the quality of chocolate is much better than any other brands and hence has a psychological influence Psychographic Segmentation: Emotional eating which is rare with premium products and the other is the perceived status of gifting high priced chocolate boxes (Spoor, 20017). Targeting As mentioned earlier due to its significant price and premium products most of the products of Haigh are used for gifting purposes or for customers who are ready to pay a premium amount for high quality chocolate. The target hence are women usually in the age bracket of 20 to 50. The generation today have become conscious about calories which is an advantage for Haigh given their bite size portions instead of bars (Ried, 2009). The company do have bar chocolates but the most in demand are the bite sized. Positioning The value proposition of Haigh is because of the brand image they have. The company has been around from 1915 and has built the reputation for its extremely high quality. It is also a luxury product. The handmade making defines the richness of each of their chocolate. The positioning of Haigh is hence under the high quality, high taste segment that promises a true world class chocolate experience (Fosfuri, 2016). 3.STP for Haigh in Indonesia Chocolate is a global indulgence. Be it in standalone bars, bite size snippets or usage in bakery preparations, chocolate has always had an international appreciation and a high quality chocolate is always in demand. The same stands true in the Indonesian market as well. Indonesia is a South Eastern cluster of Islands situated in the pacific and Indian oceans. The country has an estimated population of 260 million with Java being the most populous Island. Indonesian sugar consumption has seen a steady growth over the years with a significant market share dedicated to Petra foods (Nieburg, 2013). The key competitor has chocolates available to several economic sectors and has an excellent reputation in the islands. An alluring market as such is always a good opportunity for globalization. And hence, is a potential market for Haigh Chocolates To understand how the company has to strategize in the new market the segmentation, targeting and positioning of their products have to be analyzed (Choi, 2015). Segmentation Geographical Segmentation: Indonesia is spread over 735,358 square miles which is quite a lot for a company to market in. However, the most populous island Java is well known for its confectionary needs. This would be the best geography to start the business in. A better option would be to open one retail store in a bustling center and carry business online in Indonesia to reach maximum customers. Demographic Segmentation: Haigh chocolates are not gender restricted and at the same time are not produced for kids. They are of high quality made with premium products and are a luxury brand. With a brand as such that usually goes for gifting, women are more likely to purchase such products. Also, the age of customers would be of an earning income hence 22 and above as the cost of products would restrict lower aged kids. Indonesia has significant corporates established and has a generous working category which would suffice the segmentation Behavioral Segmentation: Occasional gifting is one segment where Haigh would have an upper hand given the quality and handmade features of the product. Hence, the product is highly recommended for festive seasons. Indonesians take pride in gifting as it is one way of showing respect. For the new market Haigh would have to prepare customized products for Indonesian festivals such as Nyepi, Waisak day etc., apart from Easter and Christmas. Psychographic Segmentation: Impulsive eating is common to a country and so is it to Indonesia. The advantage with Haigh is that they have a large range of products that are bite sized and hence may not be seen as high indulgence. The Calorie counting segment are also considered by Haigh. It is a fact that dark chocolate can help out of depression and since Haighs comes in bite sized portions it is appealing (Chan, 2012). They also have products for Egg and Gluten free (Stringer, 2015). Targeting In the new market, it would be ideal to target the customers that have high purchasing power. This in Indonesia would be the women, who generally take care of purchasing gifts for family occasions and also prefer some self-indulgence. The working sector of women can be the target for Haigh to exploit as the preference of high quality, premium products would be in demand. Positioning Petra the key competitor and a significant shareholder in Indonesia has products for the lower economic group as well. Given the procurement cost, cost of goods sold, exports and overseas trade costs, it is highly unlikely that Haigh would be able to come down on its price. At the same time there cannot be a decrease in the quality of products (Stringer, 2015). Hence in Indonesia as well Haigh would be a high price high quality product Conclusion Haigh is a well know brand in the country of Australia for its exceptional chocolates that have been around since 1915. The companies that has been in the market for some time are currently trying to either diverge into healthier products or are in search of international expansion. For the global expansion, the market of Indonesia can be an alluring opportunity given the geographic distance and high earning market. The Segmentation is slightly different from that in the Australian market. However, the targeting and positioning of the same is similar in both the nations. In the above sections, various concepts were applied to understand how the company must strategize in the new market. The segmentation, targeting and positioning of their products have been analyzed. References Chan, E.K., Quach, J., Mensah, F.K., Sung, V., Cheung, M. and Wake, M., 2012. Dark chocolate for children's blood pressure: randomised trial.Archives of disease in childhood,97(7), pp.637-640. Choi, C.S. and Kim, K.H., 2015, June. Marketing MANAGEMENT IN SOCIAL NETWORK PLATFORMS: SEGMENTATION, TARGETING, AND POSITIONING. In2015 Global Fashion Management Conference at Florence(pp. 97-102). Evans, S. (2015). Cadbury plans to cut the size of its family blocks of chocolate to save costs. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/cadbury-plans-to-cut-the-size-of-its-family-blocks-of-chocolate-to-save-costs-20150202-1343wp.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2017]. Fosfuri, A., Giarratana, M.S. and Roca, E., 2016. Social Business Hybrids: Demand Externalities, Competitive Advantage, and Growth Through Diversification.Organization Science,27(5), pp.1275-1289. Haighschocolates.com.au. (n.d.). About Us - Haigh's Chocolates. [online] Available at: https://www.haighschocolates.com.au/about-us [Accessed 3 Apr. 2017]. Kerry, C., 1998.The Haigh's Book of Chocolate. Wakefield Press. Nieburg, O. (2013). Indonesian sugar rush sweet news for Petra Foods...but rivals could be lurking. [online] ConfectioneryNews.com. Available at: https://www.confectionerynews.com/Markets/Indonesian-sugar-rush-sweet-news-for-Petra-Foods-but-rivals-could-be-lurking [Accessed 4 Apr. 2017]. Pyo, S., 2015. Integrating tourist market segmentation, targeting, and positioning using association rules.Information Technology Tourism,15(3), pp.253-281. Ried, K., Frank, O.R. and Stocks, N.P., 2009. Dark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trial.BMC complementary and alternative medicine,9(1), p.22. Spoor, S.T., Bekker, M.H., Van Strien, T. and van Heck, G.L., 2007. Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating.Appetite,48(3), pp.368-376. Stringer, R., 2015. Vanuatu: Bean to bar: Vanuatu chocolate.Partners in Research for Development, (1), p.10.

The Executive Powers of the United States Government free essay sample

A paper discussing the actions and duties the government must carry out. This paper is about the Executive Powers of the United States Government. The author details a few presidencies and describes the actions and duties of the U.S. government. The constitution of the United State provides that the executive power of the federal government shall be vested in a president. Therefore, the president is the principal officer of the executive branch of the government. Two other branches of the federal government- the legislative and the judicial- are constitutionally equal. However, the president, who resides and works at the White House in the nations capital, Washington, D.C., has most often been regarded as the most powerful figure in the government and as the leader of the nation. In looking for ideas applicable to a new national executive, the founders turned to the New York Constitution of 1777, where the governship had several attractive features. We will write a custom essay sample on The Executive Powers of the United States Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Border Wars essays

Border Wars essays The U.S. Border Patrol is the organization that polices the entry of illegal immigrants into our country. The official mission of the United States Border patrol is to protect the boundaries of the United States by preventing illegal entry, and by detecting, interdicting, and apprehending illegal aliens, smugglers, and contraband. Today, the United States Border Patrol consists of 21 sectors. Each sector is headed by a chief patrol agent. There are 145 stations located throughout the continental United States, and in Puerto Rico. The Border Patrol controls the border by land, sea, and air. The Border Patrol has jurisdiction across all United States borders and at least 25 miles off the border. The Border Patrol agents are responsible to check factories for illegal workers. As of September of 1995, the Border Patrol had 530 agents. The Border Patrol's efforts may be sufficient but many people believe that there are many problems in the methods of the Border Patrol. First, many people think that all of the equipment is costing the taxpayers too much. An estimation by TIME magazine states that in California alone, $400 million is spent on healthcare for illegal immigrants. CNN says that the care of illegal immigrants in one hospital in Jacksonville, Florida costs taxpayers $44.5 million. A Federal Government estimate says that $1.6 billion dollars is spent on the education of illegal immigrants each year in California alone. Just think of how much money is spent on illegal immigrants across the country. Now this is just the cost of the immigrants that get through the border patrol. These costs could be greatly lowered if the Border Patrol would do its job. Let alone the cost of the illegal immigrants that manage to get through the Border Patrol, the Border Patrol alone is costing plenty. In an overview, some people believe that we are spending too much money on ...

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C

Carbon Facts - Atomic Number 6 or C Carbon is the element with atomic number 6 on the periodic table with symbol C. This nonmetallic element is the key to the chemistry of living organisms, primarily due to its tetravalent state, which allows it to form four covalent chemical bonds with other atoms. Here are facts about this important and interesting element. CarbonBasic Facts Atomic Number: 6 Symbol: C Atomic Weight: 12.011 Discovery: Carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time. The earliest known forms were charcoal and soot. Diamonds were known in China at least as early as 2500 BCE. The Romans knew how to make charcoal from wood by heating it in a covered container to exclude air.  Renà © Antoine Ferchault de Rà ©aumur showed iron was transformed into steel by the absorption of carbon in 1722. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated diamonds were carbon by heating diamond and charcoal and measuring the released carbon dioxide per gram. Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p2 Word Origin: Latin carbo, German Kohlenstoff, French carbone: coal or charcoal Isotopes: There are seven natural isotopes of carbon. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-12 accounts for 98.93% of naturally-occurring carbon, while carbon-13 forms the other 1.07%. Biochemical reactions preferentially use carbon-12 over carbon-13. Carbon-14 is a radioisotope that occurs naturally. It is made in the atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen. Because it has a short half-life (5730 years), the isotope is almost absent from rocks, but the decay can be used for radiocarbon dating of organisms. Fifteen isotopes of carbon are known. Properties: Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous (lampblack, boneblack), graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, white carbon, is thought to exist. Other allotropes of carbon include graphene, fullerenes, and glassy carbon. Diamond is one of the hardest substances, with a high melting point and index of refraction. Graphite, on the other hand, is extremely soft. The properties of carbon depend largely on its allotrope. Uses: Carbon forms numerous and varied compounds with limitless applications. Many thousands of carbon compounds are integral to life processes. Diamond is prized as a gemstone and is used for cutting, drilling, and as bearings. Graphite is used as a crucible for melting metals, in pencils, for rust protection, for lubrication, and as a moderator for slowing neutrons for atomic fission. Amorphous carbon is used for removing tastes and odors. Element Classification: Non-Metal Toxicity: Pure carbon is considered to be non-toxic. It may be eaten as charcoal or graphite or used to prepare tattoo ink. However, inhalation of carbon irritates lung tissue and can lead to lung disease. Carbon is essential for life, as it is the building block for proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats. Source: Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The element forms in giant and supergiant stars via the triple-alpha process. When stars die as supernovae, carbon is scattered by the explosion and becomes part of the matter integrated into new stars and planets. Carbon Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.25 (graphite) Melting Point (K): 3820 Boiling Point (K): 5100 Appearance: dense, black (carbon black) Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 5.3 Ionic Radius: 16 (4e) 260 (-4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.711 Debye Temperature ( °K): 1860.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1085.7 Oxidation States: 4, 2, -4 Lattice Structure: Diagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.570 Crystal Structure: hexagonal Electronegativity: 2.55 (Pauling scale) Atomic Radius: 70 pm Atomic Radius (calc.): 67 pm Covalent Radius: 77 pm Van der Waals Radius: 170 pm Magnetic Ordering: diamagnetic Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (graphite): (119–165) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (diamond): (900–2320) W ·m−1 ·K−1 Thermal Diffusivity (300 K) (diamond): (503–1300) mm ²/s Mohs Hardness (graphite): 1-2 Mohs Hardness (diamond): 10.0 CAS Registry Number: 7440-44-0 Quiz: Ready to test your carbon facts knowledge? Take the Carbon Facts Quiz Return to the Periodic Table  of Elements Sources Deming, Anna (2010). King of the elements?. Nanotechnology. 21 (30): 300201. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia Assignment

A critical response to the Marketing Myopia - Assignment Example Additionally, the article presents marketing strategies that can help business management overcome competition and other external forces, which threaten a business. Therefore, this discussion seeks to critically analyze the strengths and weakness of this article, with a focus to understanding the plausibility of the ideas it present. The strength of this article is identifiable in addressing the causative factors for business success or failure. The article clarifies on the misconception held by many people that external forces are the major causes of a business failure. However, according to the article, the reason behind the success or failure of any business is not due to environmental factors such as market saturation, threatened growth or competition. The success or failure of any business or organization is solely determined by the management (Levitt, 2004). The reason the failure of any business has to be attributed to the management because; when the business of an industry d eclines, it is not because the industry was not best suited to serve the people. The industry declines because the management is not able to protect its business from their competitors, who eventually take their customers away from them (Levitt, 2004). If the management can apply strategies for protecting their customer base, their business in any industry will continue thriving. This is one of the strengths of this article, since it emphasizes on the role of prudent management in ensuring the success of a business. Secondly, the article presents another credible argument that serves as another of its strength. Broader focus is the key to success of any business or industry (Levitt, 2004). The article observes that businesses fail because they perceive their investment narrowly, considering competitors to be only those offering similar products and services. This makes the management of the business forget to focus on the whole industry and how it can affect their business. For exam ple, people operating in the railway business will only focus their competitors as those other companies or individuals who own trains, forgetting that they are not in the narrow railroad business, but operating in the transport industry (Levitt, 2004). Therefore, the elaboration given by the article is credible because, in focusing narrowly at the business, the owners of a business are only concerned about the product or service they offer, at the expense of focusing on the customer (Levitt, 2004). Thus, for the success of any business, a wider focus on customer needs is important than focusing on the suitability of the products and services which a business offers. Businesses will succeed more if they focus on understanding and meeting customer needs. Therefore, a business should focus on the overall needs of the customer in the industry it is operating, rather than focusing narrowly on direct competitors. This is because, customer needs can be met by the indirect competitors, who take away the customers served by a business, and meet their needs in a different manner (Levitt, 2004). According to this article, the strength and success of any business lies in its internal innovation. If a business can tailor its innovativeness towards meeting customer needs at the expense of improving the efficiency of its products, the business is sure to succeed (Levitt, 2004). For example, a business operating in the petroleum industry should focus on the needs of the customers in the whole of the energy industry. This would mean that the business works towards meeting the needs of the

Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Martin Luther King - Essay Example In his Letter to Birmingham Jail Martin King has made use of narratives from various religious narrations. He tries to relate to the clergymen who have written to him criticizing him by explaining to them how he has to carry the gospel like Jesus did (University of Pennsylvania). His letter makes one feel as though they are in the middle of the situation allowing for a more in-depth connection with the situation at hand. In the letter there has been use of a definition of how nonviolent campaigns take place in a society so as to involve not only the clergy but to enlighten the people in general as to what the process truly is. Martin Luther King makes use to examples in the letter that keep the conversation simple and practical for someone who might not be too literate, which was the case with many African Americans at that time. He continues to use examples from the bible and stories of Jesus to explain his cause for doing what he did. He even goes on to use the example of what Hitler did in Germany in the name of justice against the Jews and how the moderate whites were doing something similar to the Negros by denying them their rights (Hari Sharma, 2007).

Nature vs Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs Nurture Essay Evolution vs. creationism, pro choice vs. pro life, nature vs. nurture, etc , these issues will always be debatable. These controversial issues will always divide the population up. Many people tend to put all their beliefsin science or religion. All are highly controversial and will be a major concern until the end of time. Nature is considered your genetic characteristics thatwere given to you at the time of conception. There are strong beliefs that â€Å"if mama does it, you will do it†. The individuals that truly believe this ideado tend to follow the footsteps of their parents. Individuals that are not strong enough to surpass their environment willalways fall into this category of prejudice from the environment. â€Å"Traditionally, genetics characteristics are considered stable and uncontrollable† (Jayaratne, et al. , 2009, p. 25). That is saying that a person can’t control the turn out of their life because it has been etched in stoned and there is nothing they can do about it. Nurture is considered to be the environmental characteristics that surround an individual. Our environment plays a big role in the way our lives unfold over time. Many believe that you can be nurtured to act a certain way or accomplish certain goals in a lifetime. â€Å"Environmental causes vary more in terms of how much stability and controllability they typically involve, unlike the genetic factors† (p. 25). If you’re brought up in a sound environment, you can usually control what course you are going to take in life. There is plenty conversations about nature and nurture. There are many characteristics that we get from nature and there many characteristics that we get from nurture. Even though we can be taught to act a certain way or do certain things, it is our choice to either go with the flow or create your own destiny. Just because we have good genes and a stable environment, doesn’t mean that were are going to be set up for greatness. We have to choose what we want in life. With that being said, characteristics that result from having a choice are said to be malleable and controllable (Jayaratne, et al., 2009). In my personal experiences, I can say that I was given natural family characteristics, nurtured by my surroundings, and chose to take my own path through life. I do agree with Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. According to Vygotsky, development of an individual involves a child having interactions with other persons (Crandell, Crandell, Vander Zanden, 2009). With having social interactions, this gives you a choice on what you want to do with your life. You can have the natural characteristics of your family, be nurtured by your surroundings, but it is your choice to go with the norm, follow your surroundings, or go in a totally different direction. References Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human development ( 9thed). New York: McGraw Hill. Jayaratne, T. E. , Gelman, S. A. , Feldbaum, M. , Sheldon, J. P. , Petty, E. M. , Kardia, S. L. R. (2009). The Perennial Debate: Nature, Nurture, or Choice? Black and White Americans’ Explanations for Individual Differences. Review of General Psychology. 13(1), 24-33.

Understanding Crime Essay -- essays research papers

The Unabomber Tracing the steps of the criminal justice system through history one discovers that the main goal is to detain the suspected criminal(s) and restore security to society in general. Since the beginning of the criminal justice system attempts to understand the inner workings of a criminal mind and behavior which cause these deviations from normal thinking or acting have been a complex issue of comprehension. What causes people to exhibit certain behaviors that make them criminals? Why are the minds of criminals so hard to understand? What makes criminals act maliciously towards any aspect of society; whether it is towards people or just ideas upheld by people within society? No one really has a concrete answer to any of these questions. Certainly psychiatrists and psychologist would argue that criminal activity is developed through certain exposure and beliefs or simply the idea that someone is â€Å"crazy.† The Criminal Justice system says that people choose to commit crimes bu t what makes people want to perform these crimes. It all comes down to behavior of an individual and beliefs of that individual. Looking at a more recent case in the criminal justice system, the Unabomber, one needs to understand Theodore Kaczynski for childhood, through schooling, and up to his capture; made possible only by his brother’s aide to the F.B.I. Theodore John Kaczynski was born in a Chicago suburb to Wanda and Theodore Kaczynski on May 22, 1942. Kaczynski’s father taught him how to live and survive outdoors while his mother, Wanda, brought him up reading Scientific American. At a young age Kaczynski became very withdrawn and unresponsive to human contact. Kaczynski skipped two grades and graduated high school in 1958 at the age of 16 where he showed an aptitude for math and making small explosives; the early sings of what he was to become. He later earned a bachelor’s degree from Harvard University in mathematics. After Kaczynski graduated from Harvard he attended the University of Michigan earning a master’s and a Ph.D. in mathematics. Kaczynski life was looking good w hen he received a job at the University of California-Berkeley as a math professor but after only two years of working there he resigned without an explanation. Kaczynski decides to go back to his roots and live with nature in a shack in the woods of Montana. This is the time where Kaczynski life b... ...nature, than mankind would be doomed to be controlled by technology. That was the whole motive behind all the mail bombs in Kaczynski’s mind, that is why most of his targets where related to computers; a relatively new technological advancement. Kaczynski’s choice to rebel against technology and harm those who embraced it helps criminal profilers understand Kaczynski’s mindset and his behavior. The criminal justice system has been evolving throughout the course of history and has learned from its mistakes, but the one thing the system is improving on is understanding a criminal’s behavior and the psychoanalysis of that behavior i.e. why the person committed the crime and what could have caused the criminal to act the way they did. A set of theories has been developed to help people understand the criminal mind but I believe a criminal mind will never be completely understood. Work Cited Anderson, Patrick R, and Donald J Newman. Introduction to Criminal to Justice. New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1998. Will, George. A Close Look at the Kaczynski Trial. 8 Jan. 1998. ABC News. 7 March 2005 Unknown. Ted Kaczynski: Early Life, Education, and Career. Answers.com. 9 March 2005

Cultural Identity in Education Essay

Nowadays, the problem of cultural identity should not be underestimated. In fact, in the modern globalized world there is a strong trend to losing national identity in the result of the amalgamation of culture, or, to put it more precisely, in the result of the growing impact of western culture on other culture of the world. At the same time, individuals naturally cannot live without identity. This is why willingly or not they develop certain cultural identity under the impact of a variety of internal and external factors that actually shape their personality. In fact, individuals’ identity is inseparable from their personality. Consequently, human relations are, to a significant extent, predetermined by their cultural identity that effects dramatically their communication. As a result, it is always necessary to take into consideration the peculiarities of cultural identity of each individual, especially in education because modern education, being an extremely complicated process, is based on the idea that each individual is unique and his/her needs should be met in the process of education. Cultural identity in the modern world Before discussing cultural identity in the context of education, it is primarily necessary to briefly dwell upon the concept of cultural identity in the modern world. In fact, the modern concept of cultural identity is based on two key elements, notably modern identity implies being alike other people within a group and common categorizing of outward phenomena, such as race or clothes people wear . However, in recent year such an attitude to identity is considered to be simplistic and specialists insist that it should be expanded. Obviously, such a definition of identity implies that cultural identity is basically formed in the process of the development of individual, i. e. it is acquired in the result of social relationships of an individual with other people. In stark contrast, to this position, there is an ultimately opposite view on cultural identity as the product of human nature. To put it more precisely, A. J. Ayer insists that â€Å"the general criteria of personal identity may be solely physical in nature that means that the idnividual’s identity is based on his/her physical identity† . Nowadays, such a view is widely criticized, and Baum for instance, underlines that in the postmodern world identity is becoming reconstructed and redefined and, what is more, â€Å"the problem of identity is one of avoiding a fixed identity and keeping our options open† . Nevertheless, regardless the concept of ‘flexible’ cultural identity it is necessary to underline that that it is still an integral part of the individual’s personality. In actuality, â€Å"we are neither only what we inherit nor only what we acquire but, instead, stem from dynamic relationship between what we inherit and what we acquire† . In this respect, the ‘flexibility’ of cultural identity also implies individual’s freedom which is actually based on what an individual inherits and what he/she acquires . Cultural identity in educational system Obviously, cultural identity is of a paramount importance and its role in education is particularly significant because the individual’s identity is constantly developing and, being submitted to changes, it can affect his/her personality dramatically. At the same time, as cultural identity is shaped in the result of relationships between people, than the education process involves the interaction between people who have different cultural identity, different social and economic background, and whose views may vary significantly. At the same time, it is important to underline that the cultural identity of all agents of the education system, i. e. both educators and learners, is equally important because they constantly mutually influence each other. Also, it is worthy of mention that cultural identity is affected by different factors, including inherit and acquired ones. This is why the cultural identity in the modern education system implies the necessity of the development of such a relationship that would provide the possibility to possibly fuller realize the potential of each individual on the basis of his/her unique cultural identity. Unquestionably, cultural identity is partially inherited since it is quite natural that an individual acquires certain stereotypes, norms and models of behavior from his/her parents and in the course of times such similarity of a child and parents are growing stronger as the child learns more from his/her parents and develops his/her cultural identity. In fact, in such a situation, a child inherits not just traditions and experience of his/her parents but also traditions and experience of the whole people, or culture, and naturally acquires the experience of this culture that has been accumulating for decades and centuries. Furthermore, cultural identity is, to a significant extent, predetermined by social position of the individual and his/her social background. As a result, it is possible to estimate that cultural inheritances of an individual which he/she receives from his/her family, interact with social reality and position of the individual in the community. Consequently, â€Å"it is in these cultural inheritances that much of our identity is constituted and is thus marked by the social class to which we belong† . Also, it should be said that the development of cultural identity occurs in the process of education. It is important to realize that human beings are conscious of the fact that they are affected by their cultural identity and the effects of their social environment that creates opportunities to â€Å"overcome the strength of cultural inheritance† that can occur in the process of education. As a result, it is possible to say that cultural identity can be changed and this change can occur in the process of education. Moreover, to a significant extent, cultural identity is shaped in the process of learning that is a natural process for human beings who are simply programmed to learn. As a result, in the process of learning individuals create their own historical and cultural worlds, which â€Å"are our products, and †¦ we become animals who are permanent inscribed in a process of learning and seeking† . The role of cultural identity in educational process Obviously, as the cultural identity is extremely important in the educational process, it is quite natural that it is necessary to provide individuals with the opportunity to have freedom in the development of their identity. What is more, their own cultural identity should not be by no means discriminated or simply ignored. In stark contrast, in the modern really democratic school, it is necessary to provide all students from different socio-cultural background with equal opportunities. However, in the current situation, it is quite difficult to do because the problem of equal opportunities is extremely serious and not often the cultural aspect is taken into consideration when educators attempt to solve this problem. To put it more precisely, it should be said that different students have different cultural identity. At the same time, there exist the dominant class in the society which plays the primary role in the socio-economic life of society and tend to dominate in the cultural sphere. Naturally, such relations are extrapolated on schools as well. As a result, nowadays, there exist private schools where basically student from upper classes study and there are public schools where students from lower classes prevail . Naturally, in such a situation the teacher-student relationship may be affected dramatically. For instance, teachers representing the middle class could feel inferior to the upper class students in private schools and, in contrast, feel superior in public schools in relation to lower class students. Obviously, such attitudes are totally unacceptable for progressive educators. This is why it is extremely important to develop normal relationship with students with different cultural identity and treat them objectively avoiding revengeful attitude to upper class students or scornful attitude to lower class students. In fact, it is necessary to take into consideration the cultural identity of students and stimulate the development of the conscious and objective position of students in relation to their self-esteem and, thus, change their cultural identity making it more objective. Practically, it means that working with lower class students it is necessary to stimulate their self esteem and make them feel respectful to their own cultural identity. It is not a secret that often the overwhelming majority of students in public schools represent lower class families. Consequently, as the experience shows, their self esteem is quite low and they do not really believe that they can play any important role in the society. In fact, often they feel as if they are outcasts and, as some students believe, if they disappeared, no one would have even noticed their disappearance. In this respect, it is particularly dangerous when teachers ignore their social background and cultural identity since often such students have very peculiar semantics, accents and syntax which do not correspond to the norms of standard language used in the modern education. As a result, the students from lower classes risk of being academically less successful than students from the middle and upper classes and, as a rule, they actually are. On searching possible solutions of such a situation, it is possible to recommend referring to the cultural identity of students that will help better understand their personality and reveal their real skills and abilities. To put it more precisely, they should have a chance to realize their skills and abilities regardless the linguistic specificity. It means that they may use different terms and language to explain different phenomena but they may be correct. Furthermore, in order to improve the position of lower class students with cultural identity which may be characterized as that of outcasts, it is possible to recommend the improvement of the current education policy which actually leads to segregation of public schools for in some scools the percentage of non-white students is reaching 100%, while white students from upper classes often turn to be in a privileged position studying at private schools, for instance. Conclusion Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that nowadays the cultural identity is extremely important and affects the educational process dramatically. It is necessary to underline that in the current situation cultural identity cannot remain fixed, especially in the sphere of education but, instead, should be constantly modified in order to make students conscious of their own cultural identity and that it is not always an objective concept. Moreover, one of the major tasks of progressive educators is to treat students equally and objectively, taking into consideration their cultural identity. What is more, teachers possess certain authority in education process, consequently, they should use it properly in order to avoid revengeful or scornful attitude to students. At the same time, in relation to lower class students, teachers could change the cultural identity of such students for better and improve their self-esteem.

Galapagos Island Essay

Galapagos island is located at the Pacific Ocean placed along the equator which is about 1,000 km from the coast of South America. It is composed of 13 main islands, 6 small islands and â€Å"107 islets and rocks. † A province of Ecuador, Galapagos islands’ capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno which is mostly inhabited by an estimated 18,000 people. Some of the islands were formerly active volcanoes but some are still active (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Biodiversity in Galapagos Island Galapagos Island’s seclusion and controlled population contributed to its rich and extensive biodiversity. Because of these factors, the pace of evolutionary changes have accelerated that resulted to diversification and the formation of new species called speciation. The geographical isolation of the island wherein the â€Å"archipelago is isolated from the continent, the islands from each other by different distances, and the habitat types by their climatic differences,† aided in the promotion of different evolutionary tracks resulting to varying terrain, vegetation, animal and plant life between every islands (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Galapagos Land Ecosystems†). Vegetation in Galapagos is influenced by land habitat and climate but is â€Å"strongly zoned by altitude. † There are four vegetations zones in Galapagos namely: Littoral Zone which is affected by the salt spray alongside the coast; Dry Zone has the biggest scope in the island; Transition Zone is a vegetation of woodland; and Humidi Zone is characterized by highland grasslands and Miconia scrub (Charles Darwin Foundation, 2006, â€Å"Galapagos Land Ecosystems†). A variety of animal and plant life also forms the abundant biodiversity of Galapagos. There are many animals living in the island, in which most of them roam freely because of the absence of predators. Reptiles, terrestrial mammals, birds and fishes are all endemic creatures and consider Galapagos as their home (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). One of the famous specie in this island is a giant pre-historic tortoise called Lonesome George. Galapagos tortoises are part of the species â€Å"Geochelone elephantopus. † These animals have undergone fourteen forms depending on their location at the Galapagos. But bad news for Lonesome George, if experts cant’ produce or obtain a mate for him soon, his species will become extinct. In addition, a wide array of animals have gained popularity within and outside the islands including the marine turtle, marine and land iguanas, lava lizards and others (Galapaguide, â€Å"Galapagos Animals†). Meanwhile, plant life is also as diverse and one of a kind as the animal life. There are many theories on how vegetation started in Galapagos. One possible scenario is when spores and seeds were transported by the wind or through the â€Å"feet, plummage and digestive system of migratory birds† or probably because of the force of the marine current (Galapagos Voyage, â€Å"Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna†). Depending on the vegetation, various species of plants, flowers and trees are present in every island. Some can only be solely found in Galapagos such as passion flower, tomato, guava and cotton. Numerous plant species have changed into an assortment of endemic species which scientists explained as ‘adaptive radiation’ (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). All of these species though diverse have a symbiotic relationship with each other. Galapagos’ rare but exquisite ecosystem had produced a lavish and fertile marine, aquatic, terrestrial, avian and flora and fauna life all over the islands. Furthermore, the distinctiveness and the detachment of the islands from the hustle and bustle of civilization gave Galapagos a unique feature that it can clearly claim for its own. No other place in the world comes close to being as diverse and extraordinary as the Galapagos islands. Conservation and Preservation of Galapagos Island Galapagos Island is one of the best kept secrets of the world. Its captivating beauty and enigmatic charm have lured numerous people ranging from tourists, scientists, fishermen and others. Because of this, the Galapagos have been put on the list of sites that are in danger by the World Heritage. The influx of humans in the islands have caused a domino effect that have immensely affected the plant and animal life and the whole ecosystem as well (People & the Planet, 2007, â€Å"Galapagos Islands put on danger list†). The ecological degradation is caused by the development trends that are in contrasts with the conservation efforts in the islands. Three main factors that affected Galapagos’ ecology were the growth in human population, increase of transportation from the main island to Galapagos and the intensified fishing (Bensted-Smith, 1999, â€Å"A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands†) . The â€Å"accelerating cycle of economic and population growth pushed by external markets† have elevated the danger to local biodiversity. The increase in demand for â€Å"tourism and marine resources† have caused the emergence of invasive species, too much harvesting of marine life, and pollution. As a consequence, the islands have suffered from social, economical and political stresses due to the amplified desire to use Galapagos’ natural wealth and public services. This was manifested because of tourism mismanagement in the islands. Tourism brought economic growth, however, Galapagos being a fragile ecosystem, was not able to adapt to the changes causing major damages in the biodiversity (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Human intrusion to the delicate biodiversity of Galapagos is very much evident in the modern age but civil groups and the government are drafting efforts to ensure that most or all of forms of life in the islands are conserved and preserved. The presence of marine reserves and the Galapagos national park are the initial drives to protect the endemic species and the pristine environment (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Issues in Galapagos†). More so, the Ecuadorian government have set up significant initiatives the following: 1) migration to the islands was regulated; 2) quarantine inspection system was installed; 3) public funds for ecoparks were increased; and 4) additional monetary support were yielded for conservation projects (Bensted-Smith, 1999, â€Å"A Biodiversity Vision for the Galapagos Islands†). To further the enterprise for preservation and conservation, there should be numerous researches to be conducted regarding social and biological sciences to help intensify the information drive on Galapagos biodiversity. Through this, environmental awareness will be increase thus reducing the possibility of disruption of the ecosystem. Also, there should be local and national agencies that would consolidate all conservation forces in the islands and ensure its effective management . Another solution would be putting up â€Å"sustainable and equitable businesses† to make sure that humans don’t abuse the natural resources and Galapagos’ ecology (Galapagos Conservation Trust, 2008, â€Å"Explore Galapagos†). Meanwhile collective efforts are very powerful in conserving and preserving, however as an individual, you can also contribute by donating to institutions that help foster the growth of Galapagos biodiversity. Also, in today’s technological era, you could use the internet to raise awareness about the environmental problems plaguing Galapagos to awaken the senses of millions and millions of people all over the world. Another contribution for the advancement of conservation and preservation is by joining organizations whose objectives are to save the animal and plant life of Galapagos. Galapagos island is indeed a place where all living species exist in peace but the constant threat of human intervention can increase the possibility of Galapagos having a tragic death. If things will not be controlled and modulated, this pristine archipelago will soon be extinct. The existence of endemic plants and centuries old animals in Galapagos are the most crucial elements that can’t be replaced and renewed once they have been exterminated. These environmental gems are the key to future development of other living organisms. Without them, things will not be the same and we would be depriving future generations the chance to experience and study these unique and bountiful ecosystem. So to prevent this from happening, we must start within ourselves by promoting and practicing preservation and conservation of our natural resources and this will have a chain effect wherein every living being would experience existing in a sustainable environment. References Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. (2006). Galapagos Land Ecosystems. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. darwinfoundation. org/en/galapagos/land Bensted-Smith, R. (Ed). 2002. A biodiversity vision for the Galapagos Islands. CDF: Galapagos. Galapaguide. Galapagos Animals. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. galapaguide. com/islas_galapagos_fauna. htm Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Explore Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. gct. org/intro. html Galapagos Conservation Trust. (2008). Issues in Galapagos. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. gct. org/issues. html Galapagos Voyage. Galapagos Island Animal, Flora & Fauna. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://www. galapagosvoyage. com/page_content. asp? id_page=149 People & the Planet. (2007, July 07). Galapagos Islands put on danger list. Retrieved March 11, 2008, from http://peopleandplanet. net/doc. php? id=3061

Jobs and Poverty essays

Jobs and Poverty essays Poverty is defined as having a standard of living below the minimum needed for the maintenance of adequate diet, health, and shelter. With this definition the answer to ending poverty might seem easy. Just create enough jobs so that people are over the poverty line. If we lived in a simple world that might work, but there are many circumstances that will prove that the theory of just creating jobs will not work. Barclay, in his article talks about how he can not keep employees because of the fact they do not have good work ethics, the ability to handle life stresses, or the want to stay clean. He states that he can train them to do a job, but can not make them show up for work, be there on time, or to be clean. With this example just the creation of jobs will not work. Also, if we look at if the world as if it had enough jobs, and the employees showed up on time, would this eliminate poverty? If a person is making minimum wage working 40 hours a week, they will only make $210 a week before taxes are taken out. This works out to be just under $11,000 a year. These numbers are under the minimum requirement for a family of three. Now if the family was made up of two adults, theoretically both adults could work, bringing their standard of living level up above the poverty line, but if you look at the statistics, most families in poverty are of single parents, therefore there is only one working adult. Also with two adults working, the cost of child care is very expensive and it would be more cost efficient for one of the parents to stay home. With the two examples I just presented, we can see that the simple creation of jobs will not eliminate poverty. However, I do feel there are steps to bring down the amount of families below the poverty line in the theory. In order for some of this to work there would need to be some changes in the social welfare system and in the idea of minimum wage, and the allotment of part t...

LEFEBVRE Surname Meaning and Family History

LEFEBVRE Surname Meaning and Family History A derivation of the French occupational name Fevre, which described an iron-worker or smith, Lefebvre derives from the Old French fevre, meaning craftsman. Similar French surnames include Fabre, Faivre, Faure, and Lefà ¨vre. Lefebvre  is the French equivalent of the English surname SMITH. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings:  LEFEBVRES, LEFEVRES, FAVRES, FEBVRE, FEBVRES, FAVRE, LEFABRE, LEFABRES, LEFEVRE, LEFEUVRE, LEFEUBRE, FABER, LEFEBURE   Famous People with the LEFEBVRESurname Henri Lefebvre  - French Marxist philosopher and sociologistMarcel Franà §ois Marie Joseph  Lefebvre -  French Roman Catholic archbishopJames Kenneth Jim Lefebvre  - former MLB baseball player, manager and coach; television actorArthur Henry Lefebvre - British scientist and engineerRenà © Lefebvre - French factory owner; active in the French resistanceFranà §ois Joseph Lefebvre  - French marshal during the Napoleonic wars Where is the LEFEBVRESurname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, Lefebvre is one of the most common surnames in France, ranking as the 17th most frequently used surname in the country. It is also fairly common in other countries with at least a partial French-speaking population, including Canada, New Caledonia and Belgium. WorldNames PublicProfiler  tells us that Lefebvre is found  most commonly throughout northern France, especially in the departments of Eure, Seine-Maritime, Somme, Pas-de-Calais and Nord.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname LEFEBVRE Meanings of Common French SurnamesUncover the meaning of your French last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common French surnames. How to Research French AncestryIf you are one of those people who have avoided delving into your French ancestry due to fears that the research would be too difficult, then wait no more! France is a country with excellent genealogical records, and it is very likely that you will be able to trace your French roots back several generations once you understand how and where the records are kept. Lefebvre  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lefebvre  family crest or coat of arms for the Lefebvre surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LEFEBVRE  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Lefebvre  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - LEFEBVRE  GenealogyExplore over 500,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lefebvre  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. LEFEBVRE  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Lefebvre  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - LEFEBVRE  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Lefebvre. GeneaNet - Lefebvre  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lefebvre  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Lefebvre  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Lefebvre  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The Pencil of Nature by William Henry Fox Talbot Essay

The Pencil of Nature by William Henry Fox Talbot - Essay Example He was also a fellow of the Astronomical, Linnean, and Royal Societies. His literary works include four books and twenty-seven scholarly articles on diverse subjects. Although Talbot did not invent photography, he discovered the process of making negatives and developed the three primary elements of photography developing, fixing and printing. From this technical milestone modern photography is derived. He patented his process in 1841, and the following year was rewarded with a medal from the Royal Society for this achievement (Historic Figures). Throughout 1839-40, he conducted rigorous photographic research and in 1841 decided to patent his discovery that he called the calotype and later the talbotype process. In this, the negative paper direct image was printed onto a sensitized sheet placed underneath. Though it was advancement from the daguerreotype, the process formerly used that produced only a single copy, it had its drawback. The image was not sharp like the daguerreotype as the paper fibers degraded its quality. After further experimenting with this new finding, making it more refined he thought it's high time that prints should be produced for sale. Taking the assistance of his valet and confidante Nicolaas Henneman, he erected a processing studio called Reading Establishment. Since Lacock had a high market for photographs, the studio was between London and Lacock, so both can be easily reached. The first few days were mundane but with the passage of time demand and production increased with 10,400 prints made in just seven months most of which were portraits and copies of paintings, in addition to prints from Fox Talbot's own stock of negatives. (Maley). It was in these years that the priceless treasure The Pencil of Nature was produced. It is a series of engaging books with twenty-four plates that keep the reader or even the one who is just flipping through the pages, engrossed. In it, Talbot included pictures of sculpture, lithographs and drawings to show how photography could be of use in the study of art. He published a facsimile of a printed page to demonstrate how writing could be duplicated. His images of a piece of lace, each one unique, were made by using the lace itself as a negative (Grundberg). The images tell a story in themselves and even appeal a layman who is not familiar with the medium of photography. Some of the plates though being plain and simple are sheer evidence of Talbot's artistic sense such as 'The Haystack' that pictures a leaning ladder, 'The Open Door,' with its askew broom and a still life called 'A Fruit Piece'. They depict the modern day painting style (Grundberg). The interest in the series is further developed with the introduction and accompanying text, written in conversational style for each plate and Talbot's strong artistic sense that made the piece aesthetically appealing. The complete list of plates is as follows (The Pencil of Nature): - Part 1 I. Part of Queen's College, Oxford II. View of the Boulevards at Paris III. Articles of China IV. Articles of Glass V. Bust of Patroclus - Part 2 VI. The Open Door VII. Leaf of a Plant VIII. A Scene in a Library IX. Fac-simile of an Old Printed Page X. The Haystack XI. Copy of a

Critically assess the changing relationships between TNCs and nation Essay - 1

Critically assess the changing relationships between TNCs and nation states, comparing their respective roles, objectives, flexibility and power - Essay Example In a recent attempt, globalization has been described as â€Å"a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and trans-cultural integration of human and non-human activities† (Al-Rodhan and Stoudmann, 2006). Information technology (IT) has played a very important role in the globalization of economies across the world. Improvements in information technology from the early 90’s and the growth of disruptive internet technology, computer hardware and software have made it easier for both business enterprises and common people to access information. It has turned the world into a small global village. Improvements in technology have brought down the cost of doing business by all sectors of the economy and contributed in their efficiency gain. Information technology has made it easier for companies to restructure their business practices by modifying their inventory management system and â€Å"just-in-time† production technologies. Nation states have been described as a state which has the basic function of creating a cultural self-identity based on the strength of its national identity. It has been argued that the very creation of the nation state is a type of an invention that signifies a combination of nation and a state. A nation state is connected in terms of its nationality, social and cultural aspects and a strongly organized political system that works in best interest of the nation. The role of the nation state has changed considerably in the era of globalization. In the modern era, the role of the nation state has changed from that of a chief political organization. In the present times they are adapting themselves to become the singular units that can meet the needs of its local people at a time when world economies are integrating strongly. In a research that has been conducted by Zhou (2011) it has been highlighted that sovereignty of nation state has become more complex, conditional and

Using current and historical examples discuss the constraints and Essay

Using current and historical examples discuss the constraints and opportunities for alternative forms of work organisation in the globalized world - Essay Example w decades have given prominence to the understanding of work organization in reference to the advent of globalization; international trade being coupled with an increase in mobility of people and capital. The confusion around globalization makes it harder to concretely define the term itself. In many cases, it is the ‘prominent catchphrase for describing the process of international economic integration’ (Scholte, 2005, 16). In the context of the argument presented in this paper, globalization is viewed as an amalgamation of liberalization, universalization and westernization. Hence, it could be defined as the process of removing restrictions on movements between countries, creating a synthesis of cultures and spreading experiences to people in all corners of the world (Scholte, 2005). Work organisation is often linked with capitalism; an economic system which advocates the prominence of private ownership, wage labour and emergence of market forces as the dictating power in setting prices. Karl Marx referred to capitalist societies as an advanced form of social organization that would pave way for the working class to come to power (Whitley, 2000). The ideology revolved around the transformation of human society being a series of evolution that was controlled by the changing dynamics of the world and the requirements of the general population. Where socialist or communist systems once wielded a stronger control over the processes governing work organization, this was replaced by the capitalistic approach. In the latter approach, the barter system of goods exchange was replaced by introducing an item of use-value; initially gold and then paper money. Marx professed that the next change would be the working class coming to power, with its primary driving factor bein g the exploitation of labour or workforce, under which capitalists try to extract value for the owner or the â€Å"bourgeois† society (Whitley, 2000). Further progression of Marx’s work at the turn

Origins of Tissues Macrophages

Origins of Tissues Macrophages Ryan Lewis    Discuss current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophage Graphical Abstract Figure Legend: This figure highlights possible tissue macrophage origins and their development pathways. The essay discusses contradicting findings in the literature, involving three different publications; Sheng et al, 2015 (blue pathway), Hoeffel et al, 2015 (red pathway) and Perdiguero et al, 2015 (green pathway) which are shown in the figure. Cell positions relate to the time point they are established during embryonic development. Positions of yolk sac and foetal liver are also related to the times they are developed. Introduction In the late 19th century Ilya Metchnikoff discovered macrophages (Tauber, 2003) and since then our understanding of the immune system and its complexity has progressed to a stage where the macrophage is no longer as simple as was originally depicted by Metchnikoff. Although much more is known about tissue specific macrophages and their functions, the origins of these macrophages are less well understood including how their origins relate to the functions they have within specific tissues. This essay aims to address the current ideas about the origins of tissue macrophages and whether these origins influence the subsequent functions of macrophages. Macrophage Discovery and History As previously mentioned Metchnikoff discovered the macrophage late in the 19th century (Tauber, 2003). Metchnikoff published a paper talking about phagocytic cells he had observed in frogs, he described the phagocytic cells as being involved in host defence but also the clearing of dead and dying cells (Gordon, 2007). Mechnikoff then discovered the presence macrophages in starfish, which dont have a vascular system, which led him to the discovery of tissue-resident macrophages (Gordon, 2007). Metchnikoff received the Nobel prize for his studies on cellular immunity to infection in vertebrates which he shared with Paul Ehrlich who discovered humoral immunity (Gordon, 2007). It took roughly 80 years after Metchnikoffs discovery before the origin of the tissue macrophage was uncovered. It was proposed that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes in the blood (van Furth and Cohn, 1968), this theory has persisted for the last 40 years however from recent studies we know t hat this is not the primary origin of the tissue macrophage. Shortly after the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes was proposed, it was discovered that tissue macrophages and monocytes are heterogenous and their heterogeneity is conserved in humans and mice (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). The discovery of monocyte subsets followed shortly after in 1983, which supported the theory that tissue macrophages originated from circulating monocytes (Yona and Jung, 2009). The theory that tissue macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes has been the prevailing view until very recently partly due to the arrival of advanced techniques including; fate mapping and ionizing radiation. In the last 5-6 years, many definitive publications have redefined our understanding of the origins of tissue macrophages (Epelman et al, 2014). Recent studies have shown that many tissue macrophages are established during embryonic development and continually self-replenish into adulthood independently of any input from circulating monocytes in the blood (Epelman et al, 2014; Ginhoux et al, 2010; Hashimoto et al, 2013; Yona et al, 2013). Tissue Macrophage Heterogeneity and Function Tissue macrophage have a huge degree of heterogeneity which reflects upon the specialization of their functions in different tissues and locations (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). Macrophage heterogeneity is required to ensure the tissue macrophage has the most effective phenotype to tackle its specific microenvironment, this is particularly important in the gut. Tissue macrophages in the gut isolated from the lamina propria have a unique phenotype characterised by high phagocytic and bactericidal activity but very poor production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which makes them perfectly suited to their microenvironment (Gordon and Taylor, 2005). There are many specialised tissue macrophages that have very distinct functions including; osteoclasts in the bone which breakdown bone deposits for bone remodelling, alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the lung that break down foreign material and pathogens, and microglia in the brain which play a role in neuronal development homeostasis and the recovery from pathology (Boyce et al, 2008; Rubins, 2003; Prinz et al, 2014). The theory that tissue macrophage populations are replenished from circulating monocytes in the blood is somewhat true but the most diverse tissue macrophages such as microglia, alveolar macrophages and osteoclasts are replenished through self-renewal and proliferation (Yona and Jung, 2009). There is a substantial number of studies discussing whether macrophages originating from monocytes in the blood can differentiate into resident tissue macrophages. In most cases the monocyte subset that the macrophage originated from determines its ability to differentiate into a specialized resident tissue macrophage, this is particularly true in the lung as studies have shown only Ly6Clo, not Ly6Chi, monocytes have the ability to differentiate into enchymal lung macrophages (Landsman et al, 2007). In regards to the more complex and specialised alveolar macrophages in the lung, studies have shown that these macrophage s require a parenchymal lung macrophage intermediate (Landsman and Jung, 2007). Circulating monocytes in the blood were long believed to be the origin of specialised tissue macrophages but recent evidence has shown that this is incorrect and proven that many of these tissue macrophage populations are developed long before birth (Epelman et al, 2014). Origins of Tissue Macrophages Macrophages are first observed during embryonic day 6.5 and are produced in the yolk sac during what is termed as primitive haematopoiesis (Epelman et al, 2014). During this early stage in development macrophages are the only immune cell produced due to restricted progenitors in the yolk sac. During embryonic days 8.5 10.5 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from the aorta-gonad meso-nephros (AGM) and give rise to all immune lineages (Epelman et al, 2014). At embryonic day 10.5 HSCs migrate from the AGM to the foetal liver, the foetal liver then becomes the major hematopoietic organ until birth. Only after birth do bone marrow HSCs become the primary progenitors and produce all immune lineages (Orkin and Zon, 2008). Microglia are the only tissue macrophages that are established in the yolk sac and are self-maintained through-out adulthood, all the other tissue macrophages are established from embryonic day 14.5 to birth and either self-maintained by proliferation or replenished b y HSCs in the bone marrow (Ginhoux et al, 2010; Sheng et al, 2015). The arrival of fat-mapping techniques have enabled researchers to precisely track embryonic macrophage populations into adulthood, giving an insight into the relationship between resident tissue macrophages and circulating blood monocytes (Epelman et al, 2014). As previously discussed, microglia are the only tissue macrophage originating from the yolk sac and arise before embryonic day 8 (Ginhoux et al 2010). Fate mapping analysis was used to determine that the origin of microglia was the primitive myeloid precursors in the yolk sac and also proved that microglia are self-maintained independently of any circulating blood monocytes (Ginhoux et al, 2010). There is also evidence that Langerhans cells originate from the yolk sac but only partially (Sheng et al, 2015). The fate mapping study by Sheng proved that microglia and Langerhans cells were the only tissue macrophages that originate from yolk sac precursors and th at most adult tissue macrophages originate from a second wave of haematopoiesis driven by HSCs. (Sheng et al, 2015). The number recent of publications concerning tissue macrophage origins is staggering and is most likely attributed to the arrival of fate mapping techniques. With the large surge of new studies regarding tissue macrophage origins it is important that a clear understanding is generated but this is not always possible with such a complicated subject. Contrasting Studies into Tissue Macrophage Origins There are a few recent studies concerning tissue macrophage origins which are particularly interesting. Sheng (Sheng et al, 2015) arrived at the conclusion that most tissue macrophages originate from HSCs however there are a few publications which contradict Shengs findings. Perdiguero concluded that yolk sac derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, were origin of almost all tissue macrophages which contrasts greatly with Shengs observations. (Perdiguero et al, 2015). Perdiguero also concluded that microglia were derived from erythro-myeloid progenitors rather than primitive yolk sac progenitors that was observed by Sheng, although both do come from the yolk sac (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). Perdiguero predicted that almost all other tissue macrophages originated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015). A study by Hoeffel aligned well with Perdigueros observations but Hoeffel observed that primitive yolk sac progenitors gave rise to mic roglia rather than erythro-myeloid progenitors that was observed by Perdiguero (Hoeffel et al, 2015; Perdiguero et al, 2015). As well as the difference in the development of microglia, Hoeffel predicted that erythro-myeloid progenitors migrated to the foetal liver, giving rise to foetal monocytes which were then responsible for the production of tissue macrophages. (Hoeffel et al, 2015). Each of these 3 examples also propose a separate proposed major path of ontogeny and differentiation to adult tissue macrophage state. Perdiguero proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the yolk sac as the major precursor of tissue macrophages, Heoffel proposes erythro-myeloid progenitors from the foetal liver, as foetal monocytes, as the major precursor and, Sheng proposes that HSCs from the foetal liver are the major precursor (Perdiguero et al, 2015; Hoeffel et al, 2015; Sheng et al, 2015; Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although the observations made by Sheng are profoundly different to those m ade by Perdiguero and Hoeffel it could be down to the fate mapping technique they used. The model they used is not adapted to distinguish between late erythro-myeloid progenitors and foetal HSCs which has clearly effected the conclusion they have come to (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Although fate mapping has great potential in advancing our knowledge of cellular ontogeny there are certain limitation that come with it and these limitations must be considered when designing experiments and analysing data (Guinhoux and Guilliams, 2016). Do Tissue Macrophage Origins Matter? Determining the origins of tissue macrophages may be valuable for furthering our knowledge and understanding of their development but do their origins have any influence in determining their function? As well as ontogeny, diversity in the functions of tissue macrophages can also be attributed to the local signals received by the macrophages. These local changes can drive the expression of unique transcription factors which in turn lead to different functions (Lavin et al, 2015). There is a lot of evidence to suggest that the tissue macrophages microenvironment can alter its function, the plasticity of tissue macrophages allows them to adjust their functions to inflammatory events (Lavin et al, 2015). Using ionizing radiation most embryonic-derived tissue macrophages can be eliminated, they can then be replaced with donor-derived bone marrow progenitors to determine if the wild type state of the tissue can be restored. Using this technique, studies have proven that bone marrow progeni tors can completely restore the enhancer profile and transcriptional programme of the embryonic-derived tissue macrophages that were eliminated (Lavin et al, 2015). A very recent study has shown that yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and adult bone marrow monocytes can all successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung after the removal of the native alveolar macrophages using ionizing radiation (van de Laar et al, 2016). The study also showed that other already developed tissue macrophages, liver, peritoneal and colon macrophages cannot successfully differentiate into alveolar macrophages in the lung. This finding suggests that the plasticity of the mononuclear phagocyte system is at its largest during the precursor stage and after differentiation to tissue-resident macrophages no further phenotypic changes of macrophage types can take place (van de Laar, 2016). Perhaps the most interesting finding from this study is that the alveolar macrophages differ entiated from yolk sac macrophages, foetal liver monocytes and bone marrow monocytes were still able to self-maintain and prevent alveolar proteinosis (van de Laar, 2016). Similar results have also been observed with Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells were eliminated from the liver using diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion allowing its niche to become vacant. Observations showed that circulating monocytes can engraft the liver and adopt the transcriptional profile of the eliminated Kupffer cells and also become long-living self-renewing cells like their eliminated counterparts (Scott et al, 2015). These new findings question whether the origin of tissue macrophages is truly important to their function as the progenitors and monocytes tested have all been able to restore the tissues lost macrophages successfully without any loss of function. Conclusion Although determining the origins of tissue macrophages and other members of the immune system is important for the progression of our knowledge it remains to be seen whether the actual origins have any implications on the function of the tissue macrophages. The techniques used in the publications discussed are still very new and still require refinement, I believe further refinement of the techniques will enable a more detailed and accurate description on the origins of tissue macrophages and the role the origins play in their function. References       BOYCE, B.F., YAO, Z. XING, L. 2009Osteoclasts have multiple roles in bone addition to bone resorption.Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 19.3, 171-180 EPELMAN, S., LAVINE, K.J. RANDOLPH, G.J. 2014Origin and functions of tissue macrophages.Immunity, 41.1, 21-35 GINHOUX, F., GRETER, M., LEBOEUF, M., NANDI, S., SEE, P., GOKHAN, S., MEHLER, M.F., CONWAY, S.J., GUAN NG, L., STANLEY, E.R., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M. MERAD, M. 2010Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages.Science, 330.6005, 841-845 GUINHOUX, F. GUILLIAMS 2016Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis.Immunity, 44.3, 439-449 GORDON, S. 2007The macrophage: past, present and future.European Journal of Immunology, 37, 9-17 GORDON, S. TAYLOR, P.R. 2005Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 5.12, 953-964 HASHIMOTO, D., CHOW, A., NOIZAT, C., TEO, P., BEASLEY, M.B., LEBOEUF, M., BECKER, C.D., SEE, P., PRICE, J., LUCAS, D., GRETER, M., MORTHA, A., BOYER, S.W., FORSBERG, E.C., TANAKA, M., VAN ROOIJEN, N., GARCIA-SASTRE, A., STANLEY, E.R., GINHOUX, F., FRENETTE, P.S. MERAD, M. 2013Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes.Immunity, 38.4, 792-804 HOEFFEL, G., CHEN, J., LAVIN, Y., LOW, D., ALMEIDA, F.F., SEE, P., BEAUDIN, A.E., LUM, J., LOW, I., FORSBERG, E.C, POIDINGER, M., ZOLEZZI, F., LARBI, A., NG, L.G., CHAN, J.K., GRETER, J.K., BECHER, B., SAMOKHVALOV, I.M., MERAD, M. GINHOUX, F. 2015C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 42.4, 665-678 LANDSMAN, L., VAROL, C. JUNG, S. 2007Distinct differentiation potential of blood monocyte subsets in the lung. Journal of Immunology, 178.4, 2000-2007 LANDSMAN, L. JUNG, S. 2007Lung macrophages serve as obligatory intermediate between blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages.Journal of Immunology, 179.6, 3488-3494 LAVIN, Y., MORTHA, A., RAHMAN, A. MERAD, M. 2016Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues.Nature Reviews: Immunology, 15.12, 731-744 ORKIN, S.H. ZON, L.I. 2008Haematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology.Cell, 132, 631-644 PERDIGUERO, E.G., KLAPPROTH, K., SCHULZ, C., BUSCH, K., AZZONI, E., CROZET, L., GARNER, H., TROUILLET, C., DE BRUIJN, M.F., GEISSMANN, F. RODEWALD, H.R. 2014Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors.Nature, 518, 547-551 PRINZ, M., TAY, T.L., WOLF, Y. JUNG, S. 2014Microglia: unique and common features with other tissue macrophages.Acta Neuropathologica, 128.3, 319-331 RUBINS, J.B. 2003Alveolar macrophages: wielding the double-edged sword of inflammation.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167.2, 103-104 SCOTT, C.L., ZHENG, F., DE BAETSELIER, P., MARTENS, L., SAEYS, Y., DE PRIJCK, S., LIPPENS, S., ABELS, C., SCHOONOOGHE, S., RAES, G., DEVOOGDT, N., LAMBRECHT, B.N., BESCHIN, A. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Bone marrow-derived monocytes give rise to self-renewing and fully differentiated Kupffer cells.Nature Communications, 7, 10321 SHENG, J., RUEDL, C. KARJALAINEN, K. 2015Most tissue-resident macrophages except microglia are derived from fetal hematopoietic stem cells.Immunity, 43.2, 382-393 TAUBER, A.I. 2003Metchnikoff and the phagocytosis theory.Nature Reviews: Molecular Cell Biology, 4, 897-901 VAN DE LAAR, L., SAELENS, W., DE PRIJCK, S., MARTENS, L., SCOTT, C.L., VAN ISTERDAEL, G., HOFFMANN, E., BEYAERT, R., SAEYS, Y., LAMBRECHT, B.N. GUILLIAMS, M. 2016Yolk sac macrophages, fetal liver, and adult monocytes can colonize an empty niche and develop into functional tissue-resident macrophages.Immunity, 44.4, 755-768 VAN FURTH, R. COHN, Z.A. 1968The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes.The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 128.3, 415-435 YONA, S., KIM, K.W., WOLF, Y., MILDNER, A., VAROL, D., BRECKER, M., STRAUSS-AYALI, D., VIUKOV, S., GUILLIAMS, M., MISHARIN, A., HUME, D.A., PERLMAN, H., MALISSEN, B., ZELZER, E. JUNG, S. 2013Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis.Immunity, 38.1, 79-91 YONA, S. JUNG, S. 2009Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates, and functions. Current Opinion in Hematology, 17.1, 53-59

Health Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup :: Sugar HFCS Artificial Sweetener Food

Health Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup Abstract: What is high fructose corn syrup? Is it some kind of disease making machine? High fructose corn syrup is causing many problems in the United States and two of the main problems are obesity and type two diabetes. There are also many other diseases that branch off from these two main diseases, like liver and heart disease. In this paper, the reason why high fructose corn syrup is becoming such a huge problem in the United States will be explored. The Japanese first developed high fructose corn syrup. When they saw that it is more cost effective than other sugars, other companies started to use high fructose corn syrup in their products. High fructose corn syrup is a sugar made of fifty-five percent fructose and forty-five percent glucose. Compared to normal table sugar, which is fifty percent fructose and fifty percent glucose, it doesn?t seem like much. Yet the fructose in high fructose corn syrup is less attached from normal sugar. This fructose that is free from the glucose part is more harmful to the body. It was first introduced in 1970 but it hasn?t been actively used until the late 1900?s. Yet because we started to use high fructose corn syrup, it is now causing a lot of problems. It has many negative side effects after consumption, and most of the consuming is done in the United States. Two of the main problems caused by high fructose corn syrup are obesity and type two diabetes. Some of the other branches of these problems are liver and heart disease, osteoporosis, an increase in triglycerides, and many other kinds of health problems. Since high fructose corn syrup is very common in our daily diets, ranging for drinks to desserts, it is becoming a huge problem. (Severson, K. 2004) One of the main problems of high fructose corn syrup is obesity. Eating high fructose corn syrup is like eating fat. Fructose isn?t absorbed the large intestine or the first part of the small intestine. Fructose is absorbed in the jejunum at a much higher rate than normal glucose. After it is absorbed, it goes to the liver, where it is converted to fatty acids. When someone consumes too much fructose, the liver is unable to convert all of it so it can be absorbed improperly.